International Journal of Advance Research Publication and Reviews

International Journal of Advance Research Publication and Reviews
Peer-Reviewed | Multi-Disciplinary Journal

ISSN: 3049-0103 (O)

Impact Factor: 4.33

Intranasal Nanoemulsions for Direct Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery in Alzheimer 's Disease: Bypassing the Blood-Brain Barrier

Author

Shraddha Vijay Jagtap, Shubham N. Kanawade, Sayali Vasant Gondkar, Gauri Bhausaheb Devgire, Shrushti Vilas Talole

Abstract

 Alzheimer's disease (AD) stands as one of the most complex, progressive, and neurodegenerative disorders worldwide, primarily characterized by cognitive decline, memory impairment, and the accumulation of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. A predominant obstacle in treating AD is the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which restricts more than 98% of small-molecule drugs and nearly all large-molecule biopharmaceuticals from entering the central nervous system (CNS). Intranasal administration has emerged as a groundbreaking, non-invasive route that directly links the nasal cavity to the brain parenchyma via olfactory and trigeminal nerve pathways, effectively bypassing the BBB. Among various colloidal nanocarriers, nanoemulsions have gained substantial attention due to their unique properties, including thermodynamic stability, ease of scale-up, small droplet size (typically 20–200 nm), and a highly lipophilic inner core capable of solubilizing poorly water-soluble anti-Alzheimer molecules. This review article comprehensively examines the physiological architecture of the nasal mucosa, the exact mechanisms governing direct nose-to-brain targeted macromolecular transport, and the technological advancement of nanoemulsion formulations. We delve deeply into the selection parameters for biocompatible oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants, characterization methodologies, and preclinical therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, current safety guidelines, regulatory boundaries, functional biological barriers, and upcoming future perspectives regarding human translation are critically discussed to provide a robust blueprint for advanced neurological drug development.


Keywords

Alzheimer’s Disease; Intranasal Drug Delivery; Nanoemulsions; Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB); Nose-to-Brain Transport; Olfactory Pathway; Trigeminal Nerve; Neurotherapeutics; Colloidal Nanocarriers; Mucoadhesion; Brain Targeting Efficiency.

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