Protective Role of Syzygium aromaticum in Dichlorvos-Induced Renal Oxidative Damage in Wistar Rats

Author

Ezomoh Olusoga Olubunmi, Dino Ebieretei Seleke ,Sule Olayiwola Jimoh

Abstract

 Dichlorvos (DDVP) is a broad-spectrum organophosphate insecticide which has been linked to renal dysfunction following chronic oxidative stress. This study evaluated the renoprotective effect of Syzygium aromaticum extract against DDVP-induced nephrotoxicity in male Wistar rats. Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each containing 6 rats: normal control, DDVP (8mg/kg), DDVP+S. aromaticum (200mg/kg), DDVP+S. aromaticum (400mg/kg) and DDVP + Vitamin E (200mg/kg). All treatments were administered orally once daily for 21 consecutive days. Kidney superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured using standard biochemical methods as markers of oxidative stress, body weight, serum urea and creatinine. The body weight gain and antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly decreased and serum urea, creatinine and MDA significantly increased in DDVP compared to normal control (p<0.05). These biochemical changes were significantly improved by the treatment with S. aromaticum in dose dependent manner and the efficacy was more or less similar to vitamin E. The results showed that Syzygium aromaticum showed protective effect against DDVP-induced renal damage by improving kidney function and enhancing the endogenous antioxidant defence system. 

Keywords

Syzygium aromaticum; dichlorvos; nephrotoxicity; kidney; oxidative stress; Wistar rats.

Full Text:

Download Paper PDF

References

• Adegbola, M. V., Anyim, G., Ntwasa, M., Ayeleso, A. O., & Oyedepo, T. A. (2022). Potential effect of Syzygium aromaticum(cloves) extract on serum antioxidant status and lipid profiles in Wistar rats with artesunate toxicity. Applied Sciences, 12(16), 8216.
• Aklilu, A. M. (2023). Diagnosis of chronic kidney disease and assessing glomerular filtration rate. Medical Clinics, 107(4), 641-658.
• Armstrong, D., & Al-Awadi, F. (1991). Lipid peroxidation and retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 11(4), 433–436.
• Avila, M., Mora Sánchez, M. G., Bernal Amador, A. S., & Paniagua, R. (2025). The metabolism of creatinine and its usefulness to evaluate kidney function and body composition in clinical practice. Biomolecules, 15(1), 41.
• Beutler, E., Duron, O., & Kelly, B. M. (1963). Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 61, 882–888.
• Damasceno, R. O. S., Pinheiro, J. L. S., Rodrigues, L. H. M., Gomes, R. C., Duarte, A. B. S., Emídio, J. J., ... & de Sousa, D. P. (2024). Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of eugenol: An update. Pharmaceuticals, 17(11), 1505.
• Gil, T. Y., Kim, S. J., & An, H. J. (2026). Syzygium aromaticum(Clove): a comprehensive Review of its ethnopharmacological uses and pharmacological activities. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 32(2), 165-173.
• John, A., & Pasha, T. (2024). Laboratory tests of renal function. Anaesthesia & Intensive Care Medicine, 25(5), 303-307.
• Kishi, S., Nagasu, H., Kidokoro, K., & Kashihara, N. (2024). Oxidative stress and the role of redox signalling in chronic kidney disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 20(2), 101-119.
• Knol, M. G., Wulfmeyer, V. C., Müller, R. U., & Rinschen, M. M. (2024). Amino acid metabolism in kidney health and disease. Nature Reviews Nephrology, 20(12), 771-788.
• Lee, S. E., & Park, Y. S. (2026). Environmental pollution and its impact on kidney diseases: a comprehensive review of current evidence. Life, 16(2), 291.
• Mishra, M., Nichols, L., Dave, A. A., Pittman, E. H., Cheek, J. P., Caroland, A. J., ... & Bridges, C. C. (2022). Molecular mechanisms of cellular injury and role of toxic heavy metals in chronic kidney disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(19), 11105.
• Misra, H. P., & Fridovich, I. (1972). The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 247(10), 3170–3175.
• Saravanakumar, K., Park, S., Vijayasarathy, S., Swaminathan, A., Sivasantosh, S., Kim, Y., Yoo, G., Madhumitha, H., MubarakAli, D., & Cho, N. (2024). Cellular metabolism and health impacts of dichlorvos: Occurrence, detection, prevention, and remedial strategies—A review. Environmental Research, 242, 117600.
• Sinha, A. K. (1972). Colorimetric assay of catalase. Analytical Biochemistry, 47(2), 389–394.
• Tüğen, A., & Buruleanu, C. L. (2025). The role of plant-derived bioactive compounds in mitigating oxidative stress. Foods, 15(1), 108.
• Udupa, V., & Prakash, V. (2018). Gentamicin induced acute renal damage and its evaluation using urinary biomarkers in rats. Toxicology reports, 6, 91–99.
• Veeranki, V., Prasad, N., Hussain, S., Patel, M. R., Kushwaha, R. S., Meyyappan, J., Agarwal, V., Jain, M., & Yadav, R. (2024). Severe and recurrent acute kidney injury following dichlorvos exposure: A case report. Indian Journal of Nephrology, 34(3), 263–265.
• Zawierucha, J., Marcinkowski, W., Prystacki, T., Malyszko, J. S., Pyrza, M., Zebrowski, P., & Malyszko, J. (2023). Green dialysis: let us talk about dialysis fluid. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 48(1), 385-391.
• Zhou, W., Li, M., & Achal, V. (2025). A comprehensive review on environmental and human health impacts of chemical pesticide usage. Emerging Contaminants, 11(1), 100410.